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Short Desciption:
Measurement techniques have been of immense importance ever since the start of
human civilization, when measurements were first needed to regulate the transfer of
goods in barter trade to ensure that exchanges were fair. The industrial revolution
during the nineteenth century brought about a rapid development of new instruments
and measurement techniques to satisfy the needs of industrialized production techniques.Alan S. Morris
Summary:
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xx
Part1:PrinciplesofMeasurement1
1INTRODUCTIONTOMEASUREMENT3
1.1Measurementunits3
1.2Measurementsystemapplications6
1.3Elementsofameasurementsystem8
1.4Choosingappropriatemeasuringinstruments9
2INSTRUMENTTYPESANDPERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS12
2.1Reviewofinstrumenttypes12
2.1.1Activeandpassiveinstruments12
2.1.2Null-typeandde<001F>ection-typeinstruments13
2.1.3Analogueanddigitalinstruments14
2.1.4Indicatinginstrumentsandinstrumentswitha
signaloutput15
2.1.5Smartandnon-smartinstruments16
2.2Staticcharacteristicsofinstruments16
2.2.1Accuracyandinaccuracy(measurementuncertainty)16
2.2.2Precision/repeatability/reproducibility17
2.2.3Tolerance17
2.2.4Rangeorspan18
2.2.5Linearity19
2.2.6Sensitivityofmeasurement19
2.2.7Threshold20
2.2.8Resolution20
2.2.9Sensitivitytodisturbance20
2.2.10Hysteresiseffects22
2.2.11Deadspace23
2.3Dynamiccharacteristicsofinstruments23
2.3.1Zeroorderinstrument25
2.3.2Firstorderinstrument25
2.3.3Secondorderinstrument28
2.4Necessityforcalibration29
2.5Self-testquestions30
3ERRORSDURINGTHEMEASUREMENTPROCESS32
3.1Introduction32
3.2Sourcesofsystematicerror33
3.2.1Systemdisturbanceduetomeasurement33
3.2.2Errorsduetoenvironmentalinputs37
3.2.3Wearininstrumentcomponents38
3.2.4Connectingleads38
3.3Reductionofsystematicerrors39
3.3.1Carefulinstrumentdesign39
3.3.2Methodofopposinginputs39
3.3.3High-gainfeedback39
3.3.4Calibration41
3.3.5Manualcorrectionofoutputreading42
3.3.6Intelligentinstruments42
3.4Quanti<001E>cationofsystematicerrors42
3.5Randomerrors42
3.5.1Statisticalanalysisofmeasurementssubjectto
randomerrors43
3.5.2Graphicaldataanalysistechniques–frequency
distributions46
3.6Aggregationofmeasurementsystemerrors56
3.6.1Combinedeffectofsystematicandrandomerrors56
3.6.2Aggregationoferrorsfromseparatemeasurement
systemcomponents56
3.6.3Totalerrorwhencombiningmultiplemeasurements59
3.7Self-testquestions60
Referencesandfurtherreading63
4CALIBRATIONOFMEASURINGSENSORSAND
INSTRUMENTS64
4.1Principlesofcalibration64
4.2Controlofcalibrationenvironment66
4.3Calibrationchainandtraceability67
4.4Calibrationrecords71
Referencesandfurtherreading72
5MEASUREMENTNOISEANDSIGNALPROCESSING73
5.1Sourcesofmeasurementnoise73
5.1.1Inductivecoupling74
5.1.2Capacitive(electrostatic)coupling74
5.1.3Noiseduetomultipleearths74
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